How is sexuality represented in this clip?

Camera
Editing
Mise-en-scene
Sound

Through the use of the camera angles in  this scene where the gay man is talking to the boy from the football team, high angle and low angle shots were used to show the difference in social hierarchy as usually gay men are represented as being 'different' and abnormal'; these types of shots reinforce the idea that a heterosexual male is fully accepted in society and is treated normally and therefore being favoured more than gay males. Through this camera angle, we as the audience view the gay character by looking down on him evidently showing how most of the time gay males are perceived to be weak, similar to stereotypical feminine roles.

How is age represented through the use of Camera, Editing, Mise-en-Scene and Sound

In the video extract age is represented through various ways; one example is through the camera angles in the scene where the man was dressed up in teenage clothing. The use of the low angle shot where we as the audience see the man from a low point of view reinforces the idea of adults being in dominance compared to the rest of the teenagers in the school and represents a hierarchy in age, however this is challenged through the clothing that he is wearing, trying to make himself appear younger than he actually is which conveys the idea that some adults idolise teenagers as they try to make themselves fit in with the current clothing trends that teenagers follow. Here we can apply the theory of binary oppositions of young and old as a high angle camera shot also is used when looking down at the girl at the bottom of the stairs but is challenged in a way due to the way in which she is praising the man for wearing teenage clothing which portrays to the audience that teenagers can have slight control over how some adults feel about the way they look and dress to feel younger.

Furthermore, sound is also used to represent age in this extract. During the scene where the teenage girl and boy are arguing, it shows how two people of the same age can still have differences in hierarchy through the way they treat each other; for example the girl shouting at the boy reinforces the idea that teenagers can be impulsive and aggressive but it also shows how she has dominance and control over him and this is shown through her empowering tone of voice.                                   

Changes in the Film Industry

Explore the changes in technology in production and distribution within the film industry. (Key changes)

Sound: 1920's

• Before sound could be captured simultaneously to picture, there was the golden age of silent films. The process of synching sound had been achieved in 1914 with The Photo-Drama of Creation, in which slides and phonograph records were synched up. However, it was Warner Brothers' 'Vitaphone' that took the system to feature films. 
• Recording sound effects (including dialogue) and adding musical scores all started with the major motion picture 'The Jazz Singer' (1927) which is regarded as the first film to have sychronised dialogue and singing.
• Screenwriting and acting slowly took on a whole new meaning and the new genres were formed as dialogue became a key component of films.

Colour

• In the beginning, only brief sequences, sometimes just five minutes long, would be colourised in black and white films.
• Technicolour was a very expensive process.
• One of the most famous early technicolour films shot entirely in colour was The Black Pirate which was very expensive 
• Douglas Fairbanks decided after months and months of tests that he would shoot entirely in the studio and control every colour. He built the ship on his studio and had a pool; it was completely artificial as he would paint the leaves on the trees, effectively painting the set how he knew it would turn out  

Section B - Audiences and Institutions

To what extent has the internet played a significant role in the marketing and exchange of media products in the area you have studied?

In terms of marketing, it is vital when promoting the film industry to reach out to the target demographic; this includes cross media marketing which is a form of cross-promotion in which promotional companies commit to surpassing traditional advertisement techniques and decide to include extra appeals to the products they offer. For film, companies that are involved with marketing include the distribution companies such as the 'Big Six'; this consists of 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios, Universal Pictures, Warner Bros, Paramount and Columbia Pictures. These companies are known as the 'Big Six' as they are the most popular institutions for promoting films globally. It is common that high budget mainstream films such as Frozen, are usually distributed through one of the 'Big Six' as they have high production values and many cross platform marketing campaigns whereas it is less likely that a low budget independent film is distributed by one of these institutions for example The Theory of Everything was distributed by The Working Title as the film has low production values and limited multiplex exhibition.

In terms of exchange of media products, this includes the many forms in which the audience can access films; for example when a film is first released it is usually consumed in the cinema first, then released through pirating, DVD, 'On Demand', subscription such as Netflix, then finally through TV which is free.    

Representation of Gender

Margaret:

In the very first shot, we view the man through a mid head and shoulder shot with a blurred light in the bottom left corner. This contrasts with the low key lighting in the background where the man is stood which portrays the idea of the binary opposition of good and evil; from this we as the audience would perceive him to have some sort of evil traits, for example betrayal, as there seems to be controversy between him and Margaret we see shortly afterwards. However, one could argue that the use of the light in the corner of the frame could represent the idea of a spotlight to emphasise that in that moment he holds authority and dominance over everyone in parliament; here he can be portrayed as the stereotypical representation of the 'traditional man' as he is shown to be in control and brave as he is standing in front of everyone else while giving his speech.

Furthermore, throughout the clip we see a transition in gender with Margaret as firstly she is sat with the rest of the men not saying a word as the camera zooms slowly onto her stern face. This links with the stereotypical representations of the 'traditional woman' inferring that she is weak amongst all the other men in the room and is not able to stand up for herself. However, later on in this extract we as the audience begin to see a quick transition where she shows 'lesbian traits' as she storms out followed by a group of traditional men marching behind her. This emphasises her role showing that she now has dominance over the men            

Deconstruction of Gender

Game of Thrones extract:

The main female character, Daenerys, initially is portrayed through the cultural stereotype of the 'traditional feminine woman' but also sharing some aspects of the 'sexy woman' as she is young and attractive with the typical blonde hair blue-eyed image. It can be argued that this has typically been contrived through the 'male gaze' theory where her appearance has been constructed from a heterosexual male's perspective, presenting her as an object of a male's pleasure. However, the camera shots in this extract have purposely framed her in a way that makes the audience contradict their ideas of the typical female stereotype. Daenerys is constantly framed in close up shots against blurred backgrounds of the entire army of male soldiers to highlight her importance and dominance that she has over them. This is also shown through the way the soldiers act straight away upon her commands without hesitation and are framed in wide establishing shots to represent them as one whole group as opposed to Daenerys having her own close up frames. However, one could argue that this is challenging the typical stereotypes of the binary oppositions of male and female roles; this is due to the idea of men being the more powerful, brave and dominant figures over women, whereas in this extract we, as the audience, come to identify Daenerys as the superior individual overall. We are also shown Daenerys from a low angle shot looking up at her to initialise the idea that she carries an important role above everyone else as her body language reveals her superiority through her strong posture.

Through the close up shots of Daenerys, her blue flowing robe against her glowing flesh is contrasted with the typical soldier uniforms of black armour, shields and helmets. The representation of blue connotes her purity while black is stereotypically used to associate with death and again, we as the audience are led to believe that she carries some sort of authority over the male soldiers to divert away from the idea of stereotypical gender roles in which we have consumed through society. Daenerys remains standing and almost beyond reach while the army commences their fight, commanded by a female figure. This signifies her strength which eventually becomes unseemly questionable to the audience as it is evident she has full control over them. Through the low angle shot that frames her silhouette with high key lighting around her, it is almost portrayed as her spotlight to enhance her power and dominance. One could argue that this links to the Uses and Gratifications theory by Blumler and Katz as some audiences, particularly women, may perceive Daenerys as their idol or role model and may feel connected with her emotionally.